Article ID: CBB000400986

Haeckel's ABC of Evolution and Development (2002)

unapi

One of the central, unresolved controversies in biology concerns the distribution of primitive versus advanced characters at different stages of vertebrate development. This controversy has major implications for evolutionary developmental biology and phylogenetics. Ernst Haeckel addressed the issue with his Biogenetic Law, and his embryo drawings functioned as supporting data. We re-examine Haeckel's work and its significance for modern efforts to develop a rigorous comparative framework for developmental studies. Haeckel's comparative embryology was evolutionary but non-quantitative. It was based on developmental sequences, and treated heterochrony as a sequence change. It is not always clear whether he believed in recapitulation of single characters or entire stages. The Biogenetic Law is supported by several recent studies – if applied to single characters only. Haeckel's important but overlooked alphabetical analogy of evolution and development is an advance on von Baer. Haeckel recognized the evolutionary diversity in early embryonic stages, in line with modern thinking. He did not necessarily advocate the strict form of recapitulation and terminal addition commonly attributed to him. Haeckel's much-criticized embryo drawings are important as phylogenetic hypotheses, teaching aids, and evidence for evolution. While some criticisms of the drawings are legitimate, others are more tendentious. In opposition to Haeckel and his embryo drawings, Wilhelm His made major advances towards developing a quantitative comparative embryology based on morphometrics. Unfortunately His's work in this area is largely forgotten. Despite his obvious flaws, Haeckel can be seen as the father of a sequence-based phylogenetic embryology.

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Authors & Contributors
Love, Alan Christopher
Amundson, Ronald
Deichmann, Ute
Fuller, Trevon
Hendrikse, Jesse Love
Hossfeld, Uwe
Journals
Biology and Philosophy
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
Nuncius: Annali di Storia della Scienza
Theory in Biosciences
Publishers
Cambridge University Press
Armando
University of Pittsburgh
Springer
University of Calgary (Canada)
Kousakusha
Concepts
Developmental biology
Evolution
Biology
Philosophy of science
Morphology
Embryology
People
Haeckel, Ernst
Naef, Adolf
Needham, Joseph
Whitehead, Alfred North
Waddington, Conrad Hal
Levins, Richard
Time Periods
19th century
20th century
20th century, early
20th century, late
21st century
Places
Great Britain
United States
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